The causality relationship between trade and environment in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic symmetric and asymmetric bootstrap panel causality tests

Abstract

In this paper, we test the dynamic symmetric and asymmetric causality relationship between the ecological footprint and trade openness in G7 countries by suggesting a new bootstrap panel causality test based on seemingly unrelated regressions. We analyzed the time-varying behavior of the symmetric and asymmetric panel causality relationship test to reveal the instabilities in the causality relationships. The obtained results suggest a relationship between the trade openness and ecological footprint in some years of the analysis period and between the negative and positive shocks. © 2022 by the authors.