Determination of copper (II) in seafood and water samples by ICP-OES using magnetic titanium aluminum carbide nanocomposite for solid phase microextraction

Abstract

This study presents a method for the quantitative determination of copper ions (Cu (II)) in various seafood using solid phase microextraction (SPME) with magnetized maximum phase titanium aluminum carbide (Ti3AlC2) nanocomposite (MAX phase-MSPE). The aim of this method is to separate copper from the complex matrix environment and ensure a measurable concentration level. Optimized extraction conditions were established, including pH, extraction time, sample volume, and eluent concentration. The analytical significant parameters of the MAX phase-MSPE method have been assessed through limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery (R%), and certified reference material studies to obtain high accuracy and sensitivity. The LOD, LOQ, preconcentration factor, and relative standard deviation were obtained as 0.37 and 1.2 µg/L, 10, and % 4.1, respectively. The developed method demonstrates high selectivity toward copper ions (Cu (II)) in both food and water samples. This makes the approach particularly suitable for applications in food safety monitoring and environmental analysis, where precise detection and quantification of copper ions are critical. © 2025 Elsevier Inc.